书籍介绍
本书是一本简明通俗的哲学著作、但它既不是各种哲学问题的概览，也不是哲学问题的简史，而是概括了塞尔40余年来研究成果的重要哲学著作。本书对心灵、语言和社会实在的结构性特征以及它们相互之间的逻辑依存关系进和了分析，并在此基础上阐明它们是怎样结合在一起的。当代美英分析哲学和语言哲学、往往拘泥于命题、语词的研究，而忽略了哲学的基本问题。塞尔将语言哲学的观点用于研究心身问题，使语言哲学也开始回归到传统哲学的基本问题。而且，塞尔在本书中吸取了现代科学，特别是神经生理学、神经生物学、认知科学，人工智能以及经济学、社会学等方面的研究成果，充实了理论论述的内容，在很大程度上突破了分析哲学的传统框架。
AI导读
核心看点
- 概括塞尔四十余年研究，分析心灵、语言与社会实在的逻辑依存关系。
- 突破分析哲学框架，融合神经科学、认知科学等多学科成果探讨心身问题。
- 主张外在实在论，认为宇宙独立于心灵存在，真理即与事实相符。
适合谁读
- 对心灵哲学、语言哲学及社会本体论感兴趣的哲学爱好者与专业研究者。
- 希望了解分析哲学传统及其与现代科学交叉融合的一般读者。
- 塞尔意向性理论入门者，或需快速把握其核心思想的学生。
读前提醒
- 本书为塞尔思想综述，非哲学史概览，建议结合其早期著作深入理解。
- 部分译文晦涩拗口，阅读时需耐心，必要时参考英文原版以准确理解。
- 书中观点虽清晰，但部分论证如意识与意向性关系值得批判性思考。
读者共识
- 行文逻辑严密，论述清晰坦诚，是塞尔哲学思想简明扼要的入门读物。
- 成功将语言哲学回归传统基本问题，对意识生物性及社会实在有深刻洞察。
- 虽部分观点显保守或存争议，但整体极具启发性，值得反复研读与反思。
本导读基于书籍简介、目录、原文摘录、短评和书评生成，不等同于全文精读。
精彩摘录
- "我们在探讨某种具有共同表型的有机物的（phenotypical）特征的进化作用的问题时，通常采用的方法就是想象这种特征不存在，同时保持其余的自然常项，然后，再来看发生什么情况。当你想象植物不能进行光合作用，或者鸟不能飞翔，同时保持其余的自然常项，你就会知道这些特征在进化上的作用是怎样的了。那么我们试着把这种方法用于意识看看。想象我们大家都陷于昏迷状态，而且都倒卧在地，无依无助。你会看到，我们会很快死灭。但是，怀疑论者对这个问题并不这样想象。他们想象我们的行为仍旧一样，只是没有意识罢了。但这恰恰是没有保持其余的自然常项，因为在实际生活中能使我们得以生存下去的许许多多行为都是有意识的行为。在实际生"
- "I accept the Enlightenment vision. I think that the universe exists quite independently of our minds and that, within the limits set by our evolutionary endowments, we can come to comprehend its nature. I believe that the real change since the nineteenth century is not that the world has become unin"
- "Gödel’s proof is a kind of support to the traditional rationalist conception that separates ontology (what exists) from epistemology (how we know). Truth is a matter of correspondence to the facts. If a statement is true, there must be some fact in virtue of which it is true. The facts are a matter "
- "The set of statements I give you about reality and truth can be traced as a theory or even a set of theories, but when the Background is functioning — when it is, so to speak, doing its job — we do not need a theory. Such presuppositions are prior to theories."
- "The first, that there is a real world existing independently of us, I like to call “external realism.” … It asserts that the existence of the real world, and distinguishes from other sorts of realism. … The second view, that a statement is true if things in the world are the way the statement says t"
- "What we think of as material objects are really just collections of “ideas,” … [that is,] states of consciousness. ... It asserts that the only reality is that of “ideas” in this special sense of the world. ... Reality is ultimately not a matter of something existing independently of our perceptions"
- "The appeal of idealism, in short, is that the gulf between reality and appearance, the gulf that makes skepticism possible, is removed. Realist consists in systematic appearances."
- "It satisfies a basic urge to power. It just seems too disgusting, somehow, that we should have to be at the mercy of the "real world." It seems too awful that our representations should have to be answerable to anything but us."
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