"…[the]normal change is, as already indicated, the sort that results in growth, accretion, cumulative addition to what was known before. The discovery that, for a given gas sample, the product of pressure and volume was a constant at constant temperature simply added to the knowledge of the way these"
"They involve discoveries that cannot be accommodated within the concepts in use before they were made. In order to make or to assimilate such a discovery one must alter the way one thinks about and describes some range of natural phenomena. …they involved not only changes in laws of nature but also "
"Revolutionary changes are somehow holistic. They cannot, that is, be made piecemeal, one step at a time, and they thus contrast with normal or cumulative changes…In revolutionary change one must either live with incoherence or else revise a number of interrelated generalizations together."
"Roughly speaking,the distinctive character of revolutionary change in language is that it alters not only the criteria by which terms attach to nature but also, massively, the set of objects or situations to which those terms attach. What characterizes revolutions is, thus, change in several of the "
"我从默顿的论文中索引到了皮亚杰,这非常重要。类似这样的事只有很少几件……我想想,那是在莱辛巴赫的《经验与预测》,中我索引到一本题为《科学事实的起源和发展》的书。我说,我的老天,竟然有人以这样的题目写了一本书,我一定要读!这些不是本该有的东西……它们可能有一个起源,但它们不应该有发展。我认为我从那本书中没学到太多东西,如果那个波兰裔德国人写得不是那么难懂的话,我也许能学到更多。但我的确从中获得了许多重要的支持。真的有人(在许多方面)以和我一样的方式思考事物,以和我一样的方式思考史料。但对于[弗莱克的]“思想集体( thought collective)”,我从来就感觉很不舒服,现在还是这种感觉。"