Psychological Types

One of the most important of Jung's longer works, and probably the most famous of his books, "Psychological Types" appeared in German in 1921 after a "fallow period" of eight years during which Jung had published little. He called it "the fruit of nearly twenty years' work in the domain of practical psychology," and in his autobiography he wrote: "This work sprang originally from my need to define the ways in which my outlook differed from Freud's and Adler's. In attempting to answer this question, I came across the problem of types; for it is one's psychological type which from the outset determines and limits a person's judgment. My book, therefore, was an effort to deal with the relationship of the individual to the world, to people and things. It discussed the various aspects of consciousness, the various attitudes the conscious mind might take toward the world, and thus constitutes a psychology of consciousness regarded from what might be called a clinical angle." In expounding his system of personality types Jung relied not so much on formal case data as on the countless impressions and experiences derived from the treatment of nervous illnesses, from intercourse with people of all social levels, "friend and foe alike," and from an analysis of his own psychological nature. The book is rich in material drawn from literature, aesthetics, religion, and philosophy. The extended chapters that give general descriptions of the types and definitions of Jung's principal psychological concepts are key documents in analytical psychology.

荣格，是著名心理学家，分析心理学的创始人。1909年，弗洛伊德把他定为精神分析运动的法定继承人，称他为“王储”。1911年，在弗洛伊德的举荐下，荣格担任国际精神分析学地第一任主席。荣格大师一生致力于心理学研究，以意识与无意识、自我与自己为轴心，将不同时间、空间、文化、人性等结合成一个整体，构成他特有的巨大思想结构。他的分析心理学理论自成一家，成为举世公认的权威。荣格在性格哲学方面的研究，可以说填补了一大空白，从此，“性格决定命运”有了科学的哲学依据。