"在荒凉贫瘠地区铺铁轨不如靠近战场的地方有“钱景”。20岁刚出头的年轻人约翰·D. 洛克菲勒(John D. Rockefeller)是一位来自克利夫兰的农产品批发商,在战争期间,他靠倒卖食品发了一笔小财。年轻的安德鲁·卡内基利用自己铁路主管的条件,在战争期间从事投资和一些副业,包括一个桥梁建造公司、一条电报线路和其他初创企业。看到每吨铁能卖到130美元,卡内基就成立了铁轨铸造企业,从此进人钢铁行业。1863年,也就是林肯发布《解放黑人奴隶宣言》的那一年,28岁的卡内基说自己在战争期间赚了42260.67美元。这比他在同一时期做铁路公司高级雇员的薪水高很多倍。 当然,当时的基本制度允许这种在伤亡"
"The last of the canals were being opened at precisely the point of their obsolescence. But there were important developments for railroads outside of actual construction. The rise of railroads in the 1830s spawned the first widespread use of the corporation. … As one consequence of this development,"
"Yet the railroad’s development makes clear that even early American capitalism was never the same as laissez-faire capitalism: Various forms and forces of government were instrumental to its development, its trajectory, and its eventual implications. And what was the notion of corporate limited liab"
"Without a personal or corporate income tax at the federal level, the tax on beer sales, as well as tobacco and distilled spirits, had grown to nearly one half of the federal government’s tax revenues, rivaling the revenue from duties and the tariff on imported goods."
"In 1918 war spending would push total federal expenditures to $12.7 billion. In 1916 the government’s budget was $734 million. Even once peace was declared, however, annual spending would never again fall below $3 billion. War had enlarged the state permanently. To finance this massive escalation, t"