"1.5.1 2 根据投票年龄人口或VAP计算投票率 原文:Calculate the turnout rate based on the voting age population or VAP. 意思是根据投票年龄人口(VAP)计算投票率 1.5.1 6 其次,计算调整后的VAP投票率,注意减去2008年的选票总数 原文:substract the number of overseas ballots counted from the total ballots in 2008 意思是,注意将海外选民统计的总票数从总票数中减去 1.5.2 2 公式部分 [x, x+ε)年龄段女性人数 原文:"
""we observe only one of the two potential outcomes, and which potential outcome is observed depends on the treatment status. Formally, the observed outcome Yi is equal to Yi (Ti).""
""each unit is randomly assigned either to the treatment or control group. The randomization of treatment assignment guarantees that the average difference in outcome between the treatment and control groups can be attributed solely to the treatment, because the two groups are on average identical to"
""in observational studies, researchers simply observe naturally occurring events and collect and analyze the data.""
""A pretreatment variable that is associated with both the treatment and the outcome variables is called a confounder and is a source of confounding bias in the estimation of the treatment effect.""
"The natural logarithm transformation is often used to correct the skewness of variables such as income and population that have a small number of observations with extremely large or small positive values."
"The k-means algorithm is an iterative algorithm in which a set of operations are repeatedly performed until a noticeable difference in results is no longer produced. The goal of the algorithm is to split the data into k similar groups where each group is associated with its centroid, which is equal "