语用学

PrefaceAcknowledgementsSymbols and abbreviations1. Introduction 1.1. What is pragmatics? 1.1.1. A definition 1.1.2. A brief history of pragmatics 1.1.3. Two main schools of thought in pragmatics: Anglo-American versus European Continental 1.2. Why pragmatics? 1.2.1. Linguistic underdeterminacy 1.2.2. Simplification of semantics and syntax 1.3. Some basic notions in semantics and pragmatics 1.3.1. Sentence, utterance, proposition 1.3.2. Context 1.3.3. Truth value, truth condition, entailment 1.4. Organization of the book Key concepts Exercises and essay questions Further readingsPart Ⅰ Central topics in pragmatics2. Implicature 2.1. Classical Gricean theory of conversational implicature 2.1.1. The co-operative principle and the maxims of conversation 2.1.2. Relationship between the speaker and the maxims 2.1.3. Conversational implicatureo versus conversational implicatureF 2.1.4. Generalized versus particularized conversational implicature 2.1.5. Properties of conversational implicature 2.2. Two neo-Gricean pragmatic theories of conversational implicature 2.2.1. The Hornian system 2.2.2. The Levinsonian system 2.3. Conventional implicature 2.3.1. What is conventional implicature? 2.3.2. Properties of conventional implicature 2.4. Summary Key concepts Exercises and essay questions Further readings3. Presupposition 3.1. What is presupposition? 3.2. Properties of presupposition 3.2.1. Constancy under negation 3.2.2. Defeasibility 3.2.3. The projection problem 3.3. Analyses 3.3.1. The filtering-satisfaction analysis 3.3.2. The cancellation analysis 3.3.3. The accommodation analysis 3.4. Summary Key concepts Exercises and essay questions Further readings4. Speech acts 4.1. Performatives versus constatives 4.1.1. The performative/constative dichotomy 4.1.2. The performative hypothesis 4.2. Austin's felicity conditions on performatives 4.3. Locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary speech acts 4.4. Searle's felicity conditions on speech acts 4.5. Searle's typology of speech acts 4.6. Indirect speech acts 4.6.1. What is an indirect speech act? 4.6.2. How is an indirect speech act analysed? 4.6.3. Why is an indirect speech act used? Some remarks on politeness 4.7. Speech acts and culture 4.7.1. Cross-cultural variation 4.7.2. Interlanguage variation 4.8. Summary Key concepts Exercises and essay questions Further readings5. Deixis 5.1. Preliminaries 5.1.1. Deictic versus non-deictic expression 5.1.2. Gestural versus symbolic use of a deictic expression 5.1.3. Deictic centre and deictic projection 5.2. Basic categories of deixis 5.2.1. Person deixis 5.2.2. Time deixis 5.2.3. Space deixis 5.3. Other categories of deixis 5.3.1. Social deixis 5.3.2. Discourse deixis 5.4. Summary Key concepts Exercises and essay questions Further readingsPart Ⅱ Pragmatics and its interfaces6. Pragmatics and cognition: relevance theory 6.1. Relevance 6.1.1. The cognitive principle of relevance 6.1.2. The communicative principle of relevance 6.2. Explicature, implicature, and conceptual versus procedural meaning 6.2.1. Grice: what is said versus what is implicated 6.2.2. Explicature 6.2.3. Implicature 6.2.4. Conceptual versus procedural meaning 6.3. From Fodorian 'central process' to submodule of 'theory of mind' 6.3.1. Fodorian theory of cognitive modularity 6.3.2. Sperber and Wilson's earlier position: pragmatics as Fodorian 'central process' 6.3.3. Sperber and Wilson's current position: pragmatics as submodule of 'theory of mind' 6.4. Relevance theory compared with classical/neo-Gricean theory 6.5. Summary Key concepts Exercises and essay questions Further readings7. Pragmatics and semantics 7.1. Reductionism versus complementarism 7.2. Drawing the semantics-pragmatics distinction 7.2.1. Truth-conditional versus non-truth-conditional meaning 7.2.2. Conventional versus non-conventional meaning 7.2.3. Context independence versus context dependence 7.3. Pragmatic intrusion into what is said and the semantics-pragmatics interface 7.3.1. Grice: what is said versus what is implicated revisited 7.3.2. Relevance theorists: explicature 7.3.3. Recanati: the pragmatically enriched said 7.3.4. Bach: conversational impliciture 7.3.5. Can explicature/the pragmatically enriched said/impliciture be distinguished from implicature? 7.3.6. Levinson: conversational implicature 7.3.7. The five analyses compared 7.4. Summary Key concepts Exercises and essay questions Further readings8. Pragmatics and syntax 8.1. Chomsky's views about language and linguistics 8.2. Chomsky's binding theory 8.3. Problems for Chomsky's binding theory 8.3.1. Binding condition A 8.3.2. Binding condition B 8.3.3. Complementarity between anaphors and pronominals 8.3.4. Binding condition C 8.4. A revised neo-Gricean pragmatic theory of anaphora 8.4.1. The general pattern of anaphora 8.4.2. A revised neo-Gricean pragmatic apparatus for anaphora 8.4.3. The binding patterns 8.4.4. Beyond the binding patterns 8.4.5. Logophoricityandemphaticness/contrastiveness 8.5. Theoretical implications 8.6. Summary Key concepts Exercises and essay questions Further readingsGlossaryReferencesSuggested solutions to exercisesIndex of namesIndex of languages, language families, and language areasIndex of subjects