如果当年用好教科书，一切会不会不一样。啃完颇有成就感，收获很大

P37 国际贸易影响各国内部的收入分配，收入分配效应的原因在于：生产要素不能迅速、无成本在部门间转移；一国产品组合的变化对不同生产要素需求的影响不同。

上大学时这门课就用的这本、写的很不错但因为太厚预习上课复习了几遍后某最后还是吓的没敢去参加期末考。【其实按大家的感觉某学的还不错但是最后还是缩了因为某有几个模型一直记不清】【。现在想想可能是某太保守了】

美版的教材不管多厚，都比国内的读着痛快

下册看的是这本，许多知识点还是熟悉的，但框架结构不是很清晰，这样的书，看的过程就像刷漆一般，知识点常读常记常新。。。数学附录部分没有看，要用到了再去查不妨，与上册的阅读速度真是天差地别，当时真惭愧。

如果一生只能读一本书，我会选它

说实话,只看懂了开篇很少的几个模型,然后就感到神志不够了

（某种意义上把微观和宏观也串讲了）对于汇率的决定一直有些疑惑，现在清晰多了，不过必须承认还是觉得很复杂🤔（以及进一步丰富了20世纪世界经济史的知识，最后关于国际经济体系那几章看得贼仔细）

出版时间 学习指导 同《国际经济学：理论与政策》配套的有一本由纽约联邦储备银行的Linda S。Goldberg，塔夫斯大学的Michael W。Klein和加利福尼亚大学（伯克利）的JayC。Shambough合写的《学习指导》。这本《学...

Countries engage in international trade for two basic reasons, each of which
contributes to their gains from trade. First, countries trade because they are
different from each other. Nations, like individuals, can benefit from their
differences by reaching an arrangement in which each does the things it does
relatively well. Second, countries trade to achieve economies of scale in
production. That is, if each country produces only a limited range of goods, it can
produce each of these goods at a larger scale and hence more efficiently than if
it tried to produce everything.
The opportunity cost of roses in terms of computers is the number of
computers that could have been produced with the resources used to produce a given
number of roses.
We therefore have an
essential insight about compa...

unit labor requirement, the number
of hours of labor required to produce

The production possibility frontier illustrates the different mixes of goods the economy can produce.
relative price of the economy’s two goods, that is, the price of one good in terms of the other.
What is the significance of the number ? We saw in the previous section that it is the opportunity cost of cheese in terms of wine. We have therefore just derived a crucial proposition about the relationship between prices and production: The economy will specialize in the production of cheese if the relative price of cheese exceeds its opportunity cost in terms of wine; it will specialize in the production of wine if the relative price of cheese is less than its opportunity cost in terms of wine.
opportunity cost equals the ratio of unit labor requirements
In the absence of international trad...

In the absence of trade, the relative prices of cheese and wine in each country would be determined by the relative unit labor requirements.

partial equilibrium analysis, that is, to study a single market

The first way to show that specialization and trade are beneficial is to think of trade as an indirect method of production.
Another way to see the mutual gains from trade is to examine how trade affects each
country’s possibilities for consumption.In each case, trade has enlarged the range of choice, and therefore it must make residents of each country better off.

The relative wage of a
country’s workers is the amount they are paid per hour, compared with the amount workers in another country are paid per hour.

The competitive advantage of an industry
depends not only on its productivity relative to the foreign industry, but also on the
domestic wage rate relative to the foreign wage rate.

A country’s wage rate is roughly proportional to the country’s productivity.

The rule for allocating world production, then, is simply this:
Goods will always be produced where it is cheapest to make them.The cost of making
some good, say good i, is the unit labor requirement times the wage rate.

1. The existence of more than one factor of production reduces the tendency toward specialization
2. Countries sometimes protect industries from foreign competition
3. It is costly to transport goods and services; in some cases the cost of transportation is enough to lead countries into self-sufficiency in certain sectors.
Many goods end up being nontraded either because of the absence of strong national cost advantages or because of high transportation costs.

There are two main reasons why international trade has strong effects on the
distribution of income. First, resources cannot move immediately or without cost
from one industry to another—a short-run consequence of trade. Second, industries
differ in the factors of production they demand. A shift in the mix of goods
that a country produces will ordinarily reduce the demand for some factors of
production, while raising the demand for others—a long-run consequence of
trade.

The specific factors model was developed by Paul Samuelson and Ronald Jones.1 Like the simple Ricardian model, it assumes an economy that produces two goods and that can allocate its labor supply between the two sectors. Unlike the Ricardian model, however, the specific factors model allows for the existence of factors of production besides labor.
Whereas labor is a mobile factor that can move between sectors, these other factors are assumed to be specific. That is, they can be used only in the production of particular goods.
production function(food cloth)
Qc=Qc(k,Lc)
Qf=Qf(T,Lf)
L=Lf+Lc

if labor input is increased
without increasing capital as well, there will normally be diminishing returns: Because
adding a worker means that each worker has less capital to work with, each successive increment of labor will add less to production than the last.
In the Ricardian model, where labor is the only factor of production, the production possibility frontier is a straight line because the opportunity cost of cloth in terms of food is constant. In the specific factors model, however, the addition of other factors of production changes the shape of the production possibility frontier PP to a curve. The curvature of PP reflects diminishing returns to labor in each sector; these diminishing returns are the crucial difference between the specific factors and the Ricardian models.

In each sector, profit-maximizing employers will demand labor up to the point where the value produced by an additional person-hour equals the cost of employing that hour. In the cloth sector, for example, the value of an additional person-hour is the marginal product of labor in cloth multiplied by the price of
one unit of cloth: If w is the wage rate of labor, employers will therefore hire
workers up to the point where
MPLC * PC = w. (4-4)
-MPLF/MPLC = -PC/PF
This result tells us that at the production point, the production possibility frontier must be tangent to a line whose slope is minus the price of cloth divided by that of food.
An Equal-Proportional Change in Prices
Changes in the overall price level have no real effects,
that is, do not change any physical quantities in the econom...

The general outcome, then, is simple: Trade benefits the factor that is specific to the export sector of each country but hurts the factor specific to the import-competing sectors,
with ambiguous effects on mobile factors.

PC * DC + PF * DF = PC * QC + PF * QF.
DF - QF = 1PC/PF2 * 1QC - DC2.
the equation does show that the amount the economy can
afford to import is limited, or constrained, by the amount it exports. Equation (4-8) is
therefore known as a budget constraint.

同《国际经济学：理论与政策》配套的有一本由纽约联邦储备银行的Linda S。Goldberg，塔夫斯大学的Michael W。Klein和加利福尼亚大学（伯克利）的JayC。Shambough合写的《学习指导》。这本《学习指导》通过复习本书主要的概念、讲解其他一些例子和实际问题来帮助学生学习。还有 一本他们合写的《教师手册》，其中包括每一章的概述和习题答案，以及如何将本书用于教学的建议。《学习指导》和《教师手册》都根据第五版进行了修改。
    我们还非常高兴地宣布配合
    《国际经济学：理论与政策》
    （第五版）
    一书的伙伴网址：www。awlonline。com/krugman--obstfeld首次面市。

感谢 普林斯顿
谢长泰（Chang-Tai Hsieh），现任芝加哥大学布斯商学院正教授。于1998年自美国加州大学伯克利分校取得经济学博士学位，曾任普林斯顿大学经济系助理教授、加州大学伯克利分校经济系副教授与正教授。谢教授在经济成长与贸易理论的研究，成就斐然；曾经多次发表重要论文于American Economic Review、Journal of Political Economy、Quarterly Journal of Economics、Journal of Public Economics等诸多顶尖的经济学期刊。谢教授在与经济成长相关的国际事务上，亦相当活跃。他曾于2008年共同参与推动英国所成立之跨政府与学术领域的国际经济成长组织"International Growth Centre"，现亦为该组织的执行成员之一。

C1 绪论
主要内容 七大主题：贸易所得、贸易模式、贸易保护、国际收支平衡、汇率决定、国际间政策协调及国际资本市场。

    1990年，日本和巴西都有巨额贸易顺差 即两国销售给其他国家的商品多于它们...

1995年4月19日，1美元能兑换80日元；而到了1998年6月17日，1美元值146日元。这一汇率变化的影响范围远远超出了金融市场。在1美元兑80日元的汇率下，美国许多过去面临日本强有力竞争的行业发现自己有显著的成本优势，具备了从日本手中抢回市场份额的能力。到1998年中期，同样是那些行业却发现自己举步维艰。日元的贬值也对其他亚洲国家造成了压力，尤其是对那些在出口上与日本存在竞争关系的国家；一些分析家甚至认为日元的贬值是诱发亚洲金融危机的因素之一。

最初由英国经济学家大卫·李嘉图发展的国际贸易模型，他早在19世纪初就引入了比较优势的概念。「大卫·李嘉图指出：国际间劳动生产率的不同是国际贸易的惟一决定因素。该理论被称为李嘉图模型。

但是我们马上会看到，光凭绝对优势是无法确定贸易模式的。在国际贸易研究中，最重要的错误根源之一就是混淆了绝对优势和比较优势。

一旦进行国际贸易，产品价格不再单纯由国内的因素决定。如果外国奶酪的相对价格比本国高，将奶酪从本国运到外国或将葡萄酒从外国运到本国就是有利可图的生意。但这种流动不是无限的。最终，本国将出口足够的奶酪，外国将出口足够的葡萄酒，从而使得两国商品的相对价格相等。但是是什么决定了这一价格水平呢？

    这个结果的意义是什么呢？如果奶酪的世界相对价格等于本国奶酪的机会成本，本国就不一定需要从事任何一种产品的专业化生产。在点2，奶酪的相对供给低于本国专门生产奶酪时的水平。这说明，本国事实上已经在生产奶酪和葡萄酒两种商品。不过，由于P。/Pw低于外国生产奶酪的机会成本，外国仍会专门生产葡萄酒。这一点进一步说明：如果一个国家专门生产一种产品，那它生产的一定是具有比较优势的产品。20241018 20250628

（微信公众号：shucexuantong1） 因为克鲁格曼讨论的是GNP而不是GDP，让我一直不是很适应，并且国际经济那些基本原理已经知晓，所以几年前就跳过了这本书，在一个朋友的推荐下又重新翻看这本书，证明几年前不看是一个错误。 并且还加强了我一个想法：千万别看中国的教材。中国...

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先来说两句。开个头。

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虽然为了考试不得不看这本书，但总体感觉这本书还不错。 内容挺丰富的，你可以了解到国际经济领域的好多东东 只是，外国人写的东西有时候翻译过来，有些味道已经变了，有些句子绕口得很，难以理解撒~

不得不读

经济科学译丛

这本《国际经济学》最耐人寻味的地方，或许正在于它被不少读者反复念叨的