"Life, of course, seems to defy this process, by creating order and structure out of disordered (or at least, less ordered) materials. A plant builds its structure, and may make beautiful flowers, out of carbon dioxide, water, and a few traces of other chemicals. But it only does so with the aid of s"
"Away from equilibrium, a flow of energy can, under the right circumstances, create order spontaneously. This is a crucial insight into our own existence, since there is no denying that we are ordered creatures, and there is overwhelming evidence that the Universe began in a state of much less order."
"In a sense, classical thermodynamics pretends that time does not exist. ... Classical thermodynamics also assumes that there is no flow of energy – specifically, heat – through a system. ... Dissipation of energy is an essential feature of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, giving us another way of ref"
"Turing showed that there are systems which cannot be ‘compressed’ algorithmically, and whose most compact representations are themselves – one of the key concepts we encountered, from another direction, in our earlier discussion of chaos. In particular, as we have seen, the shortest description of t"
"但当我终于知道混沌是怎么一回事时,我还是大吃一惊。我的理解是:重点只在于某些系统(“系统”包含的范围可以很广,比如摆荡的钟摆、太阳系或水龙头的滴水规律)对于初始条件非常敏感,因此初始“那一刹那”的少许差异,会造成截然不同的结果。此外,还有“反馈( feedback),反馈使得系统会影响自身的行为。这一切看起来太完美了,简单得令人难以置信!因此当我请教朋友吉米・拉夫洛克( Jim Lovelock)时,我问道:“是否混沌和复杂所探讨的一切,只是建立于两个简单的概念之上——系统对初始状态的敏感以及回馈?”他回答:“一点几也没错,全都包在里面。”"