China's 1911-12 Revolution, which overthrew a 2000-year succession of dynasties, is thought of primarily as a change in governmental style, from imperial to republican, traditional to modern. But given that the dynasty that was overthrown—the Qing—was that of a minority ethnic group that had ruled China's Han majority for nearly three centuries, and that the revolutionaries were overwhelmingly Han, to what extent was the revolution not only anti-monarchical, but also anti-Manchu?
Edward Rhoads explores this provocative and complicated question in Manchus and Han, analyzing the evolution of the Manchus from a hereditary military caste (the "banner people") to a distinct ethnic group and then detailing the interplay and dialogue between the Manchu court and Han reformers that culminated in the dramatic changes of the early 20th century.
Until now, many scholars have assumed that the Manchus had been assimilated into Han culture long before the 1911 Revolution and were no longer separate and distinguishable. But Rhoads demonstrates that in many ways Manchus remained an alien, privileged, and distinct group. Manchus and Han is a pathbreaking study that will forever change the way historians of China view the events leading to the fall of the Qing dynasty. Likewise, it will clarify for ethnologists the unique origin of the Manchus as an occupational caste and their shifting relationship with the Han, from border people to rulers to ruled.
Edward J. M. Rhoads is professor of history at the University of Texas at Austin. He is the author of China's Republican Revolution: The Case of Kwangtung, 1895-1913.Winner of the Joseph Levenson Book Prize for Modern China, sponsored by The China and Inner Asia Council of the Association for Asian Studies
- 剖析满族从军事种姓向现代族群的演变过程
- 揭示辛亥革命中排满情绪与暴力冲突的根源
- 探讨清末新政时期满汉政治权力的博弈
- 研究中国近代史与民族关系的学者
- 对晚清政治变革及辛亥革命感兴趣的读者
- 关注海外中国研究及新清史视角的读者
- 书中史料详实但叙述略显繁琐，需耐心阅读
- 注意作者对满汉概念界定的特定历史语境
- 结合清末社会背景理解满汉身份的建构
- 史料扎实，对满汉关系梳理清晰且详尽
- 视角独特，将族群问题置于政治权力框架
- 部分论述偏重描述，理论提炼稍显不足
本导读基于书籍简介、目录、原文摘录、短评和书评生成，不等同于全文精读。
- "随着满人骑射传统的衰落，八旗军队的作用也在日渐下降。18世纪50年代平定准噶尔之乱时，八旗士兵是最后一次作为主力军出现。在18世纪90年代镇压白莲教的战争中（1796-1804），旗兵已经不再是主力。"
- "据说，直到在汉口的11名外国领事干涉之后，军政府才下令停止这种恐怖统治下的杀戮。13日，考虑到革命军曾要求在反对清廷的最初战斗中保持中立，外国领事请他们停止对满人的大肆杀戮。革命军勉强同意了，但明显极不情愿。正如他们当时的一份公告解释的那样：“他们（满人）夺取了我们的土地，剥夺了我们的权力。现在，为了复仇，我们完全应该尽我们最大可能灭绝他们，这样才能缓解我们同胞被压抑了很久的仇恨。”然而，文告继续说这种野蛮行为如果继续下去，将受到外国势力的嘲笑。因此，湖北军政府按照外国领事的要求，颁布了一道命令禁止对“旗人”的进一步复仇。"
- "根据李廉方的记载，“那些头后部扁平的人被要求读666（六百六十六），如果他们读成niu而不是读liu，那么他们就会被砍头”。（满人的扁平头可能是因为婴儿时期使用了一种特别的摇篮，口音问题则体现了他们与其邻居汉人的隔离。）没有通过这种测试的人都被杀害了。"
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