A Brief History of Time - Stephen Hawking

A Brief History of Time

Stephen Hawking

出版社

Bantam

出版时间

1996-10-01

ISBN

9780553103748

评分

★★★★★
书籍介绍
In the years since its publication in 1988, Stephen Hawking's A Brief History of Time has established itself as a landmark volume in scientific writing. It has also become an international publishing phenomenon, translated into forty languages and selling over nine million copies. The book was on the cutting edge of what was then known about the nature of the universe, but since then there have been extraordinary advances in the technology of observing both the micro- and the macrocosmic world. These observations have confirmed many of Professor Hawking's theoretical predictions in the first edition of his book, including the recent discoveries of the Cosmic Background Explorer satellite (COBE), which probed back in time to within 300,000 years of the universe's beginning and revealed the wrinkles in the fabric of space-time that he had projected. Eager to bring to his original text the new knowledge revealed by these many observations, as well as his most recent research, for this revised and expanded edition Hawking has prepared a new introduction to the book, revised and updated the original chapters throughout, and written an entirely new chapter on the fascinating subject of wormholes and time travel. In addition, to heighten understanding of complex concepts that readers may have found difficult to grasp despite the clarity and wit of Hawking's writing, this edition is magnificently enhanced throughout with more than 240 full-color illustrations, including satellite images, photographs made possible by spectacular new technological advances such as the Hubble telescope, and computer- generated images of three- and four-dimensional realities. Detailed captions clarify these illustrations, enabling readers to experience the vastness of intergalactic space, the nature of black holes, and the microcosmic world of particle physics in which matter and antimatter collide. A classic work that now brings to the reader the latest understanding of cosmology, The Illustrated A Brief History of Time is the story of the ongoing search for the tantalizing secrets at the heart of time and space.
精彩摘录
  • "在一个无限的宇宙,每一点都可以认为是中心,因为在它的每一边都有无限颗恒星。 不管多少回实验的结果和某一理论相一致,你永远不可能断定下一次结果不会和它矛盾。 我们现在关于物体运动的观念来自于伽利略和牛顿。 伽利略的测量指出,不管物体的重量是多少,其速度增加的速率是一样的。 除了他的运动定律,牛顿还发现了描述引力的定律:任何两个物体都相互吸引,其引力大小与每个物体的质量成正比。 牛顿引力定律还告诉我们,物体之间的距离越远,则引力越小。(人与人之间的吸引是不是也如此?) 我们必须接受的观念是:时间不能完全脱离和独立于空间,而必须和空间结合在一起形成所谓的空间——时间的客体。 我们看到的从很远星系来的"
  • "我们将永远不能完全肯定,我们是否确实找到了正确的理论,因为理论不能被证明。"
  • "如果宇宙是无限而且静止的则每一道光线都会终结于一个恒星上,使得夜空和太阳一样明亮"
  • "正常情况下实粒子总是具有正能量,所以具有负能量的那一个粒子注定是短命的虚粒子。它必须找到它的伴侣并与之相湮灭。……但是黑洞里的引力是如此之强,甚至在那儿一个实粒子的能量都会是负的。"
  • "当他被问及:”上帝在他创造宇宙之前做了什么?“奥古斯丁并没有这样回答:”他正为诘问这类问题的人准备地狱。” 而是说时间是上帝创造的宇宙的一个性质,在宇宙开端之前不存在。"
  • "不管观察者运动多块,他们应测量到一样的光速。这简单的观念有一些非凡的结论,如质量和能量等价/没有任何东西可能行进得比光还快。 由于能量和质量的等价,物体由于它的运动具有的能量应该加到它的质量上去。换言之,要加速它更为困难。这个效应只有当物体以接近于光速的速度运动时才有实际的意义。例如,以10%光速运动的物体的质量只比原先增加了0.5%,而以90%光速运动的物体,其质量变得比正常质量的两倍还多。当一个物体接近光速时,它的质量上升得越来越快,这样它需要越来越多的能量才能进一步加速上去。实际上它永远不可能达到光速,因为那时质量会变成无限大,而根据质量能量等价原理,这就需要无限大的能量才能做到。由于这"
  • "人存原理可以解释为:“我们看到的宇宙之所以如此,乃是因为我们的存在。”"
  • "人存原理有弱和强的意义下的两种版本。弱人存原理是讲,在一个大的或具有无限空间和/或时间的宇宙里,只有在某些时空有限的区域里,才存在智慧生命发展的必要条件。因此,在这些区域中,如果智慧生物观察到他们在宇宙的位置满足他们存在的条件,他们就不应感到惊讶。这有点像生活在富裕街坊的富人看不到任何贫穷。 应用弱人存原理的一个例子是“解释”为何大爆炸发生于大约100亿年之前——智慧生物大约需要那么长时间演化。正如前面解释的,一个早代的恒星必须首先形成。这些恒星将原先的一些氢和氦转化成像碳和氧这样的元素,由这些元素构成我们。然后恒星作为超新星而爆发,其裂片形成其他恒星和行星,其中就包括我们的太阳系,太阳系年龄"
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