Recent years have seen the development of powerful tools for verifying hardware and software systems, as companies worldwide realise the need for improved means of validating their products. There is increasing demand for training in basic methods in formal reasoning so that students can gain proficiency in logic-based verification methods. The second edition of this successful textbook addresses both those requirements, by continuing to provide a clear introduction to formal reasoning which is both relevant to the needs of modern computer science and rigorous enough for practical application. Improvements to the first edition have been made throughout, with extra and expanded sections on SAT solvers, existential/universal second-order logic, micro-models, programming by contract and total correctness. The coverage of model-checking has been substantially updated. Further exercises have been added. Internet support for the book includes worked solutions for all exercises for teachers, and model solutions to some exercises for students.
- "证明可达性也能用存在式二阶逻辑表达超出了本书的范围，但它确实是成立的。确定存在式二阶逻辑在否定下是否封闭（即对所有这样的公式∃PΦ，是否有存在式二阶逻辑的公式∃QΨ，使得后者语义等价于前者的否定）是一个重要的未解决问题。"
Networks of Faith and Profit
Parfit's Ethics
Negotiating Mughal Law
The History of the Arthaśāstra
A History of the Roman Equestrian Order
Jurist in Context