The Drunkard's Walk

Leonard Mlodinow

出版社

Pantheon

出版时间

2008-05-13

ISBN

9780375424045

评分

★★★★★
书籍介绍

In this irreverent and illuminating book, acclaimed writer and scientist Leonard Mlodinow shows us how randomness, change, and probability reveal a tremendous amount about our daily lives, and how we misunderstand the significance of everything from a casual conversation to a major financial setback. As a result, successes and failures in life are often attributed to clear and obvious cases, when in actuality they are more profoundly influenced by chance.

The rise and fall of your favorite movie star of the most reviled CEO--in fact, of all our destinies--reflects as much as planning and innate abilities. Even the legendary Roger Maris, who beat Babe Ruth's single-season home run record, was in all likelihood not great but just lucky. And it might be shocking to realize that you are twice as likely to be killed in a car accident on your way to buying a lottery ticket than you are to win the lottery.

How could it have happened that a wine was given five out of five stars, the highest rating, in one journal and in another it was called the worst wine of the decade? Mlodinow vividly demonstrates how wine ratings, school grades, political polls, and many other things in daily life are less reliable than we believe. By showing us the true nature of change and revealing the psychological illusions that cause us to misjudge the world around us, Mlodinow gives fresh insight into what is really meaningful and how we can make decisions based on a deeper truth. From the classroom to the courtroom, from financial markets to supermarkets, from the doctor's office to the Oval Office, Mlodinow's insights will intrigue, awe, and inspire.

Offering readers not only a tour of randomness, chance, and probability but also a new way of looking at the world, this original, unexpected journey reminds us that much in our lives is about as predictable as the steps of a stumbling man fresh from a night at the bar.

Leonard Mlodinow was born in Chicago, Illinois, received his PhD in theoretical physics from the University of California at Berkeley, and is the author of five best-sellers. His book The Drunkard's Walk: How Randomness Rules our Lives was a New York Times Bestseller, Editor's Choice, and Notable Book of the Year, and was short-listed for the Royal Society book award. His book ...

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AI导读
核心看点
  • 揭示随机性如何深刻影响生活成败
  • 剖析人类直觉在处理概率时的谬误
  • 梳理概率论与统计学发展的历史脉络
适合谁读
  • 对概率统计感兴趣的科普读者
  • 希望纠正认知偏差的职场人士
  • 对科学史与思维方法有好奇心者
读前提醒
  • 无需深厚数学基础,重在理解概念
  • 结合书中历史故事辅助理解理论
  • 警惕直觉陷阱,理性看待随机事件
读者共识
  • 文笔生动幽默,案例丰富引人入胜
  • 有效破除迷信,建立科学概率思维
  • 部分统计内容对非专业读者略难

本导读基于书籍简介、目录、原文摘录、短评和书评生成,不等同于全文精读。

精彩摘录
  • "人类的直觉在处理概率问题的时候经常会出问题(seriously flawed) 1,缺乏信息 2,人的思维常常专注于辨认确定的原因(a definite cause)"
  • "人脑处理随机性的部分和处理情绪的部分有很大的关联。 做出和非确定性相关决策的时候,恐惧(fear)心理会被激活。 人脑在处理随机事件的时候,习惯去猜测其实不存在的出现模式(guess the pattern)。 右脑半球(“intuitive”)会更理性的按照出现频率进行猜测。 左脑半球(“logical”)会非理性的试图猜测模式。 Daniel Kahneman因为心理学(或者说行为经济学)的研究获得了2002年诺贝尔经济学奖。(这人也是《thinking fast and slow》的作者) 图书出版的例子显示很多后来的畅销书都曾经多次被退稿,J. K. Rowlings的《Harry P"
  • "开头的几个例子描述了叙述性错误:A good story is often less probable than a less satisfactory . . . [explanation]. 当概率事件与显得更符合常识的描述结合在一起的时候,即使是专业人士都不能正确估计概率。当事件A的概率很大,B的概率很小,人们常常以为A和B同时发生的概率也较大。书中举了Kahneman设计的关于女性Linda描述的例子,医生判断症状对应的疾病的例子。 记忆偏差(availability bias):回忆过去的时候,我们给予更生动的记忆以更大的重要性,这是由于生动的事件更容易回忆。 基本的概率规律在现实生"
  • "这一章介绍了经典的Monty Hall问题(奖品在3个箱子中,要不要换),很多PhD,甚至著名的概率教授都曾经搞错这个问题。他们的问题出在没有搞清楚样本空间上。 样本空间的概念在Cardano(1501-1576)的书《The Book on Games of Chance》中有提到。这本书被评价为:beachhead, the first success in the human quest to understand the nature of uncertainty. 本章还有Cardano的各种八卦,从他本人的生平轶事,甚至还有他亲人儿女之间瞎搞的事情。 这章还提到一个观点:The o"
  • "这章提到的人物有耳熟能详的Galileo Galilei,用计数的方法计算概率。 还有Blaise Pascal,他与Pierre de Fermat的信件讨论进一步发展了计数的方法:杨惠三角形。 另外,Pascal还贡献了期望的概念。其中的起源是他著名的Pascal’s wager。就是赌上帝存在是最优。Pascal’s wager还被认为是博弈论、博弈中最优决策的量化分析的始祖。"
  • "这章主要介绍大数定律。 大数定律所要回答的问题是多少次观测才能使我们得到接近真实概率的频数。书中首先列举了两个例子,说明生活中完美的随机性是不存在的。一是Benford’s law,就是说在统计数据中,越小的数字出现的频率越高。1的概率大概是30%,9的概率只有5%。这个定律可以被用来检测账目中的作假。二是Joseph Jagger,通过观察轮盘赌的bias赚到大钱。在实际中,由于工程技术的原因,perfect dice是无法被制造的。 大数定律从数学上解决了如何评价对系统的观测和真实概率的关系。贡献主要来自于Bernoulli,而在他之前,Newton和Leibniz发明的微积分提供了重要的"
  • "这一章介绍条件概率,和Bayes理论,涉及到的人物除了Thomas Bayes,还有Pierre-Simon de Laplace。 和条件概率紧密联系的例子主要是测试中的false positive。例如艾滋病和兴奋剂的检测。由于正常人也有可能检测出阳性,所以在所有检测阳性的人群中,真正患有艾滋病的概率其实不大。这就有点像《概率论沉思录》里面提到的plausible reasoning。A->B,然而反过来,有B不一定有A。我们通常在思考问题的时候,常常会犯这类的错误。 另外,这一章强调了概率和统计的区别:fundamental difference between probability "
  • "这一章介绍正态分布,问题的起源是18世纪的化学家和实验物理学家对于实验数据的记录。 而在现实生活中,测量结果的不确定性常常被人误解。例如考试的分数对能力的反应,抽样调查对竞选结果的预测,品酒师的打分对酒的品质的反应。 这里作者提到了另一种人类认知的偏差:expectancy bias。如果你的心中有了一定的期望和预计,那么在你的感官的“测量”中,测量的结果会偏向你的预计。例子就是品酒师看到颜色更红的酒,就会期望酒更甜,而实际上,可能酒中只是加入了无味的红色物质。 解决测量中误差问题的数学基础,是误差的正态分布和中心极限定律。对此有所贡献的数学家包括Abraham De Moivre, Carl"
作者简介
Leonard Mlodinow was born in Chicago, Illinois, received his PhD in theoretical physics from the University of California at Berkeley, and is the author of five best-sellers. His book The Drunkard's Walk: How Randomness Rules our Lives was a New York Times Bestseller, Editor's Choice, and Notable Book of the Year, and was short-listed for the Royal Society book award. His book Subliminal won the PEN/Wilson award for literary science writing. His other books include two co-authored with physicist Stephen Hawking -- A Briefer History of Time, and The Grand Design. In addition to his books and research articles, he has taught at Caltech, written for the Wall Street Journal, the New York Times, and Forbes magazine, among other publications, and for television series such as McGyver and Star Trek: the Next Generation. www.leonardmlodinow.com
用户评论
新年读完的第一本书,说我们的生活其实是被偶然事件所统治,所有成功失败也没有看起来的那么理直气壮,有趣。
读完又滚回去捡起概率论沉思录了…
有意思~里面的例子很有趣~ "If you want to increase your success rate, double your failure rate"
Not bad
关于概率统计的科普读物。文字流畅,故事精彩。
一口氣看了前面一半,後來縂有書擠進來,結果空了一大段時間,再次撿起來已經把已經看得部分忘記得七七八八了。但是一看,立刻就看進去的。每一章節的開始,都是一個非常吸引人的小故事,然後通過這個小故事或者軼事,慢慢地引出作者想講述的論點。最終就是人生其實很多是偶然,但是不能因爲是偶然,我們就不做努力,因爲努力不一定有用,但是不努力是一定沒有用的。
简易版本的《概率论与数理统计》,甚至连公式定理出场的顺序都差不多。但对于我这种数学不行的人来说还是有点吃力,读前半部分的时候还在想,要是大学时读到这本书,也许我的概统就不会挂了,等读到贝叶斯分析的时候,不得不承认当年概统老师挂我挂得很有道理。
哎我以为是讲随机游走啥的结果是入门概率科普书……
如果慎言需要有科学依据,统计与概率就是最好的支撑。作者最后一章结论下的有点快,然后引用的研究有些已经过时了。但整本书写的太好看了,回头补一篇书评。
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