"·合成谬误(fallacy of composition)。有时我们会假定,对局部来说是正确的东西,对总体来说也一定正确。 然而,在经济学中,我们经常发现总体并不等于部分之和。如果你认为对局部来说成立的东西,对总体也必然成立,那你就犯了“合成谬误”。 如果你真的忽略了合成谬误的原理,那么你就会对以下这些正确的命题吃惊不已:(1)如果某一农场主获得丰收,他的收入会增加;但如果所有农场主的收成都破记录的话,则他(以及所有)的农场收入却(都)会下降。(2)如果一个人获得了更多的货币,那么他的境况会变好;但如果每个人都获得了更多的货币,那么整个社会反而可能变糟。(3)如果对某一产品(比如鞋类或钢铁)征"
"B.Modern inflation Theory 4.At any time,an economy has a given inertial or expected inflation rate.This is the rate that people have come to anticipate and that is built into labor contracts and other agreements. The inertial rate of inflation is a short run equilibrium and persists until the econom"
"Summary: A.Economics of Risk and Uncertainty 1.Economic life is full of uncertainty.Consumers face uncertain incomes and employment patterns (模式、花样)as well as the threat (威胁、恐吓、凶兆)of catastrophic (灾难的、惨重的、悲惨结局的)losses; businesses have uncertain costs, and their revenues contain uncertainties about p"
"B. Game Theory 7. Economic life contains many situations of strategic interaction(合作、互动;一起活动、互相影响) among firms, households, governments ,or others. Game theory analyzes the way that two or more parties, who interact in an arena such as a market, choose actions or strategies that jointly affect each "
"Summary: A.Income and Wealth 1.Distribution theory is concerned with the basic question of for whom economic goods are to be produced. In examining how the different factors of production-land,labor,and capital-get priced in the market, distribution theory considers how supplies and demands for thes"
"B.Input Pricing by Marginal Productivity 5.To understand the pricing of different factors of production, we must analyze the theory of production and the derived( 导出,源自)demand for factors. The demand for inputs is a derived demand for factors: we demand pizza ovens not for their own sake but for the"
"Summary A. Foreign Trade and Economic Activity 1. An open economy is one of that engages in (经营; 参加,从事,忙于)international exchange of goods, services, and investments. Exports are goods and services sold to guyers outside the country, while imports are those purchased from foreigners. THe difference b"